Review on Herbal Remedies for Covid-19 (Corona Virus)

The unknown coronavirus has been unfold all over within the world. The primary case was declared in Dec 2019, and this coronavirus malady has become a virulent disease. Infection of this virus is directly attacked on the system of the flesh or animals. Nowdays there's a deficiency of correct management or vaccinum out there to stop this malady that principally attacks the system of body. Hindrance is healthier than cure. This term is extremely renowned to any or all people. Thus currently this time has come back to used for our savings of lives. Ayurveda is the ancient system of drugs which is originated in India. During this covid -19 amount boosting of our system is that the excellent thanks to fight against this corona virus. Many seasoning plants unit accessible in our shut that unit used for immunity boosting throughout Covid 19. Some seasoning plants like Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Nyctanthes arbortristis that unit commonly used for immunity boosting. This herb contains compounds like glycosides, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, alkaloids, steroidal lactone,etc. vary of research unit accessible on Tinospora cordifolia, Ashwagandha, and Nyctanthes arbortristis to prove its immunomodulatory activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti- inflammatory activity, anti-pyretic activity. Throughout this general review we've a bent to targated on the role, drugs activities of Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Nyctanthes arbortristis to prevention and treatment of COVID 19 or CORANA VIRUS infection.

Secondary PM2.5 decreases significantly less than NO2 emission reductions during COVID lockdown in Germany

This study estimates the influence of anthropogenic emission reductions on the concentration of particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) during the 2020 lockdown period in German metropolitan areas. After accounting for meteorological effects, PM2.5 concentrations during the spring 2020 lockdown period were 5 % lower compared to the same time period in 2019. However, during the 2020 pre-lockdown period (winter), PM2.5 concentrations with meteorology accounted for were 19 % lower than in 2019. Meanwhile, NO2 concentrations with meteorology accounted for dropped by 23 % during the 2020 lockdown period compared to an only 9 % drop for the 2020 pre-lockdown period, both compared to 2019. SO2 and CO concentrations with meteorology accounted for show no significant changes during the 2020 lockdown period compared to 2019. GEOS-Chem (GC) simulations with a COVID-19 emission reduction scenario based on the observations (23 % reduction in anthropogenic NOx emission with unchanged anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and SO2) are consistent with the small reductions of PM2.5 during the lockdown and are used to identify the underlying drivers for this. Due to being in a NOx-saturated ozone production regime, GC OH radical and O3 concentrations increased (15 % and 9 %, respectively) during the lockdown compared to a business-as-usual (BAU, no lockdown) scenario. Ox (equal to NO2+O3) analysis implies that the increase in ozone at nighttime is solely due to reduced NO titration. The increased O3 results in increased NO3 radical concentrations, primarily during the night, despite the large reductions in NO2. Thus, the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere is increased in all three important oxidants, OH, O3, and NO3. PM nitrate formation from gas-phase nitric acid (HNO3) is decreased during the lockdown as the increased OH concentration cannot compensate for the strong reductions in NO2, resulting in decreased daytime HNO3 formation from the OH + NO2 reaction. However, nighttime formation of PM nitrate from N2O5 hydrolysis is relatively unchanged. This results from the fact that increased nighttime O3 results in significantly increased NO3, which roughly balances the effect of the strong NO2 reductions on N2O5 formation. Ultimately, the only small observed decrease in lockdown PM2.5 concentrations can be explained by the large contribution of nighttime PM nitrate formation, generally enhanced sulfate formation, and slightly decreased ammonium. This study also suggests that high PM2.5 episodes in early spring are linked to high atmospheric ammonia concentrations combined with favorable meteorological conditions of low temperature and low boundary layer height. Northwest Germany is a hot-spot of NH3 emissions, primarily emitted from livestock farming and intensive agricultural activities (fertilizer application), with high NH3 concentrations in the early spring and summer months. Based on our findings, we suggest that appropriate NOx and VOC emission controls are required to limit ozone, and that should also help reduce PM2.5. Regulation of NH3 emissions, primarily from agricultural sectors, could result in significant reductions in PM2.5 pollution.

Beef as a Functional Food for Improving Human Nutrition and Health

Beef is an abundant source of all proteinogenic amino acids (AAs;in both adequate amounts and balanced ratios) and physiologically essential nonproteinogenic AAs (taurine and β-alanine). The content and bioavailabilities of proteinogenic AAs in beef are greater than those in plant-sourced foods. Taurine (a potent anti-oxidant) is essential for the integrity and functions of tissues, including eyes, heart, and skeletal muscle, whereas β-alanine is required for the production of antioxidative and neuromodulatory dipeptides. Furthermore, beef contains a large amount of creatine (essential for energy metabolism in tissues, particularly brain and skeletal muscle), anti-oxidative dipeptides (carnosine and anserine), and 4-hydroxyproline (an anti-inflammatory nutrient that maintains intestinal integrity and inhibits colitis). There are myths that plants provide all nutrients that are available in animal-sourced foods. However, taurine, vitamin B12, creatine, carnosine, and anserine are absent from plants, whereas β-alanine and 4-hydroxyproline are low or negligible in plants. Like other animal-sourced foods, beef plays an important role in the optimum growth of children and the prevention of anemia in humans, as well as maintaining muscle mass, delaying ageing, and mitigating sarcopenia in adults, while meeting the high demands of exercising individuals for high-quality protein. Some epidemiological studies raised concern that the consumption of red meat might increase risks for chronic diseases in humans, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and cancers. However, findings from many epidemiological and clinical studies do not support these claims. Beef-derived AAs and other nutrients enhance the metabolism (e.g., nitric-oxide and glutathione syntheses) and the functions of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cells of the immune system, thereby helping the human host to kill pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. The latter include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Therefore, beef is a functional food for optimizing human growth, development, and health.

A Review of Recovery of Palladium from the Spent Automobile Catalysts

The spent automobile catalysts (SAC) is the major secondary source of palladium and the production of SAC is increasing rapidly over years. The price of palladium keeps rising over the years, which demonstrates its preciousness and urgent industrial demand. Recovering palladium from the spent automobile catalysts benefits a lot from economic and environmental protection aspects. This review aims to provide some new considerations of recovering palladium from the spent automotive catalysts by summarizing and discussing both hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods. The processes of pretreatment, leaching/extraction, and separation/recovery of palladium from the spent catalysts are introduced, and related reaction mechanisms and process flows are given, especially detailed for hydrometallurgical methods. Hydrometallurgical methods such as chloride leaching with oxidants possess a high selectivity of palladium and low consumption of energy, and are cost-effective and flexible for different volume feeds compared with pyrometallurgical methods. The recovery ratios of palladium and other platinum-group metals should be the focus of competition since their prices have been rapidly increased over the years, and hence more efficient extractants with high selectivity of palladium even in the complexed leachate should be proposed in the future.

Effectiveness of ozone gas on airborne virus inactivation in enclosed spaces: a review study

Due to the recent outbreak of COVID-19, the problem of protecting the individual against airborne transmission has become of great importance. This transmission occurs when virus-containing droplets enter the respiratory tract. Accordingly, the inactivation of airborne viruses plays significant role in mitigating the threat posed by a human-to-human infectious disease. The use of gas-based treatments such as ozone to decontaminate indoor air containing viruses has been increased. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that can be used to inactivate broad-range viruses that might be resistant to other disinfectants. The purpose of the study is to bring attention to the ozonizing of indoor air as a novel treatment for the inactivation of viruses. This review study showed that enveloped viruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) are more sensitive to oxidizing agents such as ozone than to non-enveloped viruses. Furthermore, some viruses such as coronaviruses have cysteine containing a sulfhydryl group that reacts with ozone gas. The study indicated that more free radicals will be formed when air humidity is higher, which could lead to higher virus inactivation. Air disinfection by ozone gas can be a promising approach for the viral deactivation of contaminated spaces in hospitals, health-care centers, dental offices, sport clubs, hotels and transportation sector, as well as all other places where viral disease outbreaks occur.